Evaluation of the time-activity budgets of captive ducks (Anatidae) compared to wild counterparts

Ducks are commonly housed in captive environments where their abilities for flight constrained, either temporarily or permanently. The use of restraint modern animal management is contentious and ethically questioned yet any associated impacts on behaviour remain poorly documented evaluated. Comparison information wild ecology activity free-living individuals with from the same species when captive-housed can reliably inform “naturalness” patterns if standardised methods used. This research aimed to compare several ducks (Order Anseriformes) contained literature, that collected direct observation, identify differences between behaviours ducks. Observational data state 17 duck were at three Wildfowl & Wetland Trust (WWT) centres UK 2015 2018, behavioural two also via observation. A meta-analysis time spent key (papers published up until 2018) was performed provide comparison provided time-activity budgets birds. Results showed a multitude factors influenced behaviour, but resting, maintenance locomotion most observed. Wild birds differed significantly compared revealed foraging rates higher than captivity. Records abnormal non-existent very low performance, suggesting restrained do not fill part budget stereotypic behaviour. Human presence may potentially influence both living wetland areas attract human visitors. Seasonal, temporal sex affected Further study should continue investigate responses these range housing determine optimal way providing good welfare under care. Research investigates fully winged extend our evaluation (and further review against data) recommended.